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悠长假期防流感!我可不是在偷懒 | BMC Infectious Diseases |
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论文标题:The impact of regular school closure on seasonal influenza epidemics: a data-driven spatial transmission model for Belgium
期刊:
作者:Giancarlo De Luca, Kim Van Kerckhove, Pietro Coletti, Chiara Poletto, Nathalie Bossuyt, Niel Hens and Vittoria Colizza
发表时间:2018/01/10
数字识别码:10.1186/s12879-017-2934-3
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愉快的假期可不仅仅意味着尽情玩耍或放肆废宅,实际上,假期的到来在预防流感方面也可能有着重要作用。在BMC Infectious Diseases上发表的一项研究探讨了学校放假在控制流感疫情方面的重要性。
假期将至,你准备好迎接新一年么了?还是要持续工作/学习/实验到新的一年呢?
学校停课放假不仅能让老师和学生们得到必要的休息,而且也能缓解流感的暴发。虽然世界卫生组织并未正式建议学校在流感暴发期间统一停课,但是这一举措作为一种非药物干预方式,的确能够有效减缓流感暴发疫情。其中一个很著名的例子就是在2009年英国猪流感疫情暴发期间采取了所有学校停课放假的措施。
由于学校的常规假期可以提供各类社会接触和旅行(这是决定流感疫情影响力的两个关键性因素),De Luca等人试图研究学校常规假期对阻止流感蔓延的影响。他们期望能够在人口统计学和感染动力学数据的基础上,将儿童和成人在上学/放假期间的社会接触和旅行整合成一个空间上的集合种群。以2008/2009年比利时流感季节为研究对象,用单个布鲁塞尔地区来校准数学模型,校准后的模型能够精确地扩展至全国水平。
研究人员发现,在圣诞节期间,新增流感患者数量大幅减少,但是在秋季和复活节假期期间则变化不大。
研究人员随后采用比利时公共卫生研究所手机版的流感样疾病(ILI)数据对该模型进行了参数化。他们根据比利时学校全年的假期安排,测试了一些实验场景。 首先去除各种不同的法定假期,然后替换成模型中常规的上课/工作周,进而观察其对疫情暴发时间和强度的影响。
研究人员观察到,在圣诞节假期期间,新增流感患者数量大幅减少,但在秋季和复活节假期期间则变化不大。另外,疫情曲线在周末假期期间会发生周期性的减缓。人们在周末和节假日期间改变相互接触及行为能够影响疫情动态,减轻疫情,并降低流感发生率。研究人员还发现,在周末和节假日期间改变接触及行为相比旅行对疫情传播的影响更大。
随后,为了进一步了解圣诞节假期对流感疫情的影响,研究人员对假期进行了扩展。结果显示,在圣诞节前增加一周的假期对流感疫情暴发的时间或严重程度并无影响,但是当延长圣诞节假期后,尽管不会推迟疫情,但由于能够减少ILI患者数量,使得疫情的严重程度也随之降低。除圣诞节外,在其他的假期后增加休息也能够减轻疫情,无论如何,全年的其他假期都以不同的方式影响疫情的演变。
通过对单个季节进行分析,可以显示学校的常规假期在减缓和减轻流感疫情方面的影响。 然而,这些影响在很大程度上取决于放假的时间以及是否处于流感季。作者还指出,各个国家的社会接触及其在全年范围内的变化可能不同。因此,需要进一步了解由疫情引起的行为变化,通过纳入更多的流感季和更明确的年龄组来进一步实现疫情处理模型的参数化。
通过了解学校停课放假对流感疫情的影响,可帮助我们在未来应对各种疫情,以减轻公共卫生服务部门的压力。相关权威机构也可以参考这些研究发现,考虑缩短暑假,并重新分配全年的节假日安排来应对流感季节。这项研究的结果也为各国在过去所进行的研究指明了方向;因此,可以考虑在不同的国家中采用类似的模型进行研究。
摘要:
Background
School closure is often considered as an option to mitigate influenza epidemics because of its potential to reduce transmission in children and then in the community. The policy is still however highly debated because of controversial evidence. Moreover, the specific mechanisms leading to mitigation are not clearly identified.
Methods
We introduced a stochastic spatial age-specific metapopulation model to assess the role of holiday-associated behavioral changes and how they affect seasonal influenza dynamics. The model is applied to Belgium, parameterized with country-specific data on social mixing and travel, and calibrated to the 2008/2009 influenza season. It includes behavioral changes occurring during weekend vs. weekday, and holiday vs. school-term. Several experimental scenarios are explored to identify the relevant social and behavioral mechanisms.
Results
Stochastic numerical simulations show that holidays considerably delay the peak of the season and mitigate its impact. Changes in mixing patterns are responsible for the observed effects, whereas changes in travel behavior do not alter the epidemic. Weekends are important in slowing down the season by periodically dampening transmission. Christmas holidays have the largest impact on the epidemic, however later school breaks may help in reducing the epidemic size, stressing the importance of considering the full calendar. An extension of the Christmas holiday of 1 week may further mitigate the epidemic.
Conclusion
Changes in the way individuals establish contacts during holidays are the key ingredient explaining the mitigating effect of regular school closure. Our findings highlight the need to quantify these changes in different demographic and epidemic contexts in order to provide accurate and reliable evaluations of closure effectiveness. They also suggest strategic policies in the distribution of holiday periods to minimize the epidemic impact.
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期刊介绍:
BMC Infectious Diseases (,2.62 - 2-year Impact Factor, 2.949 - 5-year Impact Factor) is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of the prevention, diagnosis and management of infectious and sexually transmitted diseases in humans, as well as related molecular genetics, pathophysiology, and epidemiology.
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